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Peers are equally privileged, скачать программу для быстрого поиска порнухи equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes. Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts.[1] Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the скачать программу для быстрого общения icq traditional client–server model скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям only servers supply (скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям), and clients consume (receive). The peer-to-peer application structure was popularized by file sharing systems like Napster. The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. Peer-to-peer networking is not restricted to technology, but covers also скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям processes with a peer-to-peer dynamic. In such context, social peer-to-peer processes are currently emerging throughout society. Peer-to-peer systems often implement an abstract overlay network, built at Application скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям, on top of the native or physical network topology. Such overlays are used for indexing and peer discovery and make the P2P system independent from the physical network topology. Content is typically exchanged directly over the underlying Internet Protocol (IP) network. Anonymous peer-to-peer systems are an exception, and implement extra routing layers to скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям the identity of the source or destination of queries. In structured peer-to-peer networks, peers (and, sometimes, resources) are organized following specific criteria and algorithms, which lead to overlays with specific topologies and properties. They typically use distributed hash table-based (скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям) indexing, such as in the Chord system (MIT).[2] Unstructured peer-to-peer networks do not provide any algorithm for organization or optimization of network connections.[citation needed]. Скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям particular, three models of unstructured architecture can be distinguished: The first prominent and popular peer-to-peer file sharing system, Napster, was an example of the centralized model.[4] Freenet and early implementations of the gnutella protocol, on the other hand, are examples of the decentralized model. Modern скачать программу быстрого набора на клавиатуре gnutella implementations, Gnutella2, as well as the now deprecated Kazaa network are examples of the hybrid скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям. P2P networks are typically used for connecting nodes via largely ad hoc connections.[citation needed] Data, including digital formats such as audio files, and real time data such as telephony скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям, is passed using P2P скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям. A pure P2P network does not have the notion of clients or servers but only equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям client–server model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that does not use the P2P model is the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service in which the client and скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям programs are distinct: the скачать программу к быстрому обмену сообщениям initiate the transfer, and the servers satisfy these requests.

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