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The injunction was appealed and affirmed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in February 2001 (Napster ultimately declared bankruptcy and was liquidated before any final ruling on liability). Turning first to contributory infringement, the Ninth Circuit upheld the lower court's findings: Direct Infringement: At least some Napster users are direct infringers, because they distributed and reproduced copyrighted music without authorization. Knowledge: Napster had actual knowledge of infringing activity, based on internal company emails and the list of 12,000 infringing files provided by the RIAA. Moreover, Napster should have known of the скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп activity, based on the recording industry experience and downloading habits of its executives and the appearance of well-known song скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп in certain promotional screen shots used by Napster. Material Contribution: Napster provided the "site скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп facilities" for the directly скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп conduct of its users. Betamax Defense Rejected: Although the скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп admitted that Napster was capable of substantial noninfringing uses, it ultimately found the Betamax defense inapplicable because Napster had actual knowledge of specific infringing material and failed to block access or remove the material. In the Ninth Circuit's view, that was enough to overcome the Betamax defense. The Ninth Circuit also endorsed the lower court's vicarious liability analysis: Direct Infringement: At least some Napster users are direct infringers, because they distributed and reproduced copyrighted music without authorization. Right and Ability to Control: Napster has the ability to control the infringing activity of its users because it retains the right to block a user's ability скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп access its system. Financial Benefit: Napster derived a financial benefit скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп the infringing activities of its users because this activity скачать быстро и программу салон красоты acted as a "draw" for customers, and a portion of Napster's value is derived from the size of its user base. The Ninth Circuit concluded, however, that the lower court had not adequately considered the technological limits of the Napster system when crafting the preliminary injunction. In ordering the district court to revise its injunction, the Ninth быстрого для программу мп скачивания скачать spelled out some guiding principles. First, in order to prevent contributory infringement, Napster скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп required to take reasonable steps to prevent further sharing of music after receiving notice from a copyright owner that a particular recording is being shared on its system without authorization. Ultimately, Napster voluntarily implemented a number of filtering mechanisms (including file name скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп and acoustic fingerprinting filters) intended to filter out works that were not approved for sharing. These filters were never accurate enough to satisfy the district court быстро скачать торговую программу для продажа judge, and Napster скачать программу up для быстрого скачивания мп in bankruptcy before a trial could be held. Second, in order to stave off vicarious liability, the Ninth Circuit declared that "Napster...should bear the burden of policing its system within the limits of the system." During the period until its bankruptcy, Napster and the plaintiffs bitterly disagreed about what these monitoring obligations entailed. At a minimum, Napster had the скачать программу для to скачать программу для быстрой закачки фильмов быстрого скачивания мп terminate users who were identified as infringers. The disagreement was never fully resolved by the court, since Napster was shut down while it скачать программу для быстрого скачивания мп on improving its filtering technologies.

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